Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan
For the Rehabilitation Counselor
Nearly one-fifth of the American population has some kind of government-recognized disability, yet the study of people with disabilities from the perspective of theories of normal human development has been negligible. This is the only text to provide comprehensive coverage of human growth and development, a requirement mandated by the Council of Rehabilitation Education (CORE) for a master's degree in rehabilitation counseling and for Licensed Professional Counselor certification. The volume reflects a significant change in our perception of individuals with disabilities from being defined foremost by their disability, to being viewed as normal individuals with a disability. The book provides an understanding of traditional human growth and development that will enhance the practice of disability counseling by enabling an understanding of a client's childhood and prior life experiences.
The book begins with a focus on developmental theories and tasks and how they are affected by disability. It considers the major theories of human development as they relate to people with and without disabilities, with a focus on the concept of choice. Specific developmental stages including a description of developmental tasks are addressed, as well as risks, disability applications, specific disabilities common to a particular life stage, and cultural and ethical issues. Plentiful case examples bring these concepts to life. The book conceptualizes adjustment to disability as a developmental task, and the notion of "normality" as applied to the disabled population. It also addresses disability from the perspective of increasing diversity in the United States.
Content
Preface
Acknowledgments
SECTION I: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
Introduction
Ways in Which Disability Affects Developmental Stages
Disability and Developmental Stages
Adapting to a Disability
The Stage Theory of Adjustment to Disability
Disability as Growth and Development
Basic Principles of Developmental Theories
Chronological and Biological Age
Control or Agency
The Longevity Revolution
The Increasing Diversity of the United States
Growing Inequality
Religion and Developmental Stages
The Value of Theories
SECTION II: ACQUISITION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DISABILITIES IN STAGES OF THE LIFE SPAN
Sigmund Freud
The Life of Sigmund Freud
Evaluation
Body Image
The Importance of Early Developmental Stages
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Human Development
The Life of Erikson
Erikson's Eight Psychological Stages
Application to Individuals With Disabilities
Cognitive Theories of Development: Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bronfenbrenner
Jean Piaget
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Behavioral Theories of Development: Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Bandura's Social Learning Theories
Evaluation of Behavioral Theories
Abraham Maslow the Humanist
Abraham Maslow
Maslow's Theory
Self-Actualization
Peak Experiences
Evaluation of Maslow
Application to People With Disabilities
The Stage Model of Cognitive Moral Development: Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
Other Theorists' Conceptualization of Moral Development
The Broken Teacups
Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg's Theory of Cognitive Moral Development
Moral Dilemma: Heinz Steals a Drug
Facilitating Higher Levels of Cognitive Moral Reasoning
Evaluation of Kohlberg
Application to People With Disabilities
SECTION III: THE EXPERIENCE OF DISABILITY
Understanding Disability
The Unwarranted Fear That PWDs Provoke in PWODs
People Meet My Disability Before They Meet Me
Categorization of Disabilities
Psychiatric Disabilities
Why Categorize Disabilities?
Increasing Rates of Disability
Do We Want More Disabilities?
Disability Is Both Common and Natural
From Stigma Management to Identity Politics
Pregnancy and Infancy: Conception to 2 Years
Neurogenesis
Pregnancy
Congenital Disabilities
Down Syndrome
Schizophrenia
Hearing Loss
Vision Loss
Cerebral Palsy
Spina Bifida
Infancy
The Family
Parents' Adaptation
Positive Aspects of Having a Child With a Disability
The Behaviorists and Infancy
Developmental Theories and Infants With Disabilities
Selective Abortion of Fetuses With Disabilities
Infanticide of Newborns With Disabilities
Markers on the Slippery Slope
Toddlerhood and Early Childhood: Ages 18 Months to 5 Years
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Seizure Disorders
Childhood Infections
Asthma
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autism
Asperger's Syndrome
Rett's Syndrome
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
Aspies
Parental and Family Responsibilities
Overprotection, Necessary Care, and Realistic Expectations
The Prejudice of Preschoolers Without Disabilities
The Effect of Physical Attractiveness
Poster Children
Early Intervention Programs
The "Why Bother?" Syndrome
Inclusive Preschools
The Developmental Theories
School Age: Ages 5 to 12 Years
The Social Definition of Childhood
Physical Growth From Ages 5 to 12
Developmental Tasks of Age 5 to 12
The Grand Theorists' View of Early School Age
Erikson's View on the Early School Years
Piaget
Sensory Loss and School
Learning Disabilities
Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit Disorder
Stigma Management
Atypical Childhood Experiences
Siblings of CWDs
Special Education
The Continuum of School Placement
Residential Schools
Cochlear Implants
Adolescence, Ages 13 to 18 and Emerging Adulthood, Ages 19 to 25
Adolescence
Physical Maturation
Storm and Stress
The Grand Theorists' Views on Adolescence
Ages 19 to 25
Body Image
Dating
Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
Marriage
Career Development
Spinal Cord Injuries
Traumatic Brain Injuries
"Thrills and Chills" Personality
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Disability and Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Acceptance by Peers
Integration of the Body Image and the Self-Concept
Dating
Violence, Abuse, and Crime Against PWDs
Achieving an Identity
Adulthood, Ages 25 to 40 and Midlife, Ages 40 to 60
Eternal Children
Disability in Adulthood and Midlife
The Changing Conceptualizations of Adulthood
Marriage
Parenthood
Vocational Identity
Amvotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Post-Polio Syndrome
Chronic Pain
Fatigue and Sleep Disturbances
In Sickness (Disability) and Health
Parenthood With a Disability
Assistive Technology
Role Models and Disabled Heroes
Ages 40 to 60
The Grand Theorists' View on Adulthood and Midlife
The Young Elderly, Ages 60 to 75 and the Old Elderly, Ages 75 to Death
Demographics of the Silver Tsunami
The Old Old
Cognitive Declines in Old Age
Personality Changes
Responding to Physical Declines
Marriage in Late-Life
Retirement
Responding to Role Transitions
Caregiving of Parents
Disability in Late-Life
The Grand Theorists View of Late-Life
Ageism
Dementias
Alzheimer's Disease
Diabetes
Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes)
Making Meaning
Death
Suicide in Late-Life
Assisted Suicide and PWDs
Conclusion
Developmental Theories and People With Disabilities
References
Index