Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan

For the Rehabilitation Counselor

Nearly one-fifth of the American population has some kind of government-recognized disability, yet the study of people with disabilities from the perspective of theories of normal human development has been negligible. This is the only text to provide comprehensive coverage of human growth and development, a requirement mandated by the Council of Rehabilitation Education (CORE) for a master's degree in rehabilitation counseling and for Licensed Professional Counselor certification. The volume reflects a significant change in our perception of individuals with disabilities from being defined foremost by their disability, to being viewed as normal individuals with a disability. The book provides an understanding of traditional human growth and development that will enhance the practice of disability counseling by enabling an understanding of a client's childhood and prior life experiences.

The book begins with a focus on developmental theories and tasks and how they are affected by disability. It considers the major theories of human development as they relate to people with and without disabilities, with a focus on the concept of choice. Specific developmental stages including a description of developmental tasks are addressed, as well as risks, disability applications, specific disabilities common to a particular life stage, and cultural and ethical issues. Plentiful case examples bring these concepts to life. The book conceptualizes adjustment to disability as a developmental task, and the notion of "normality" as applied to the disabled population. It also addresses disability from the perspective of increasing diversity in the United States.

Content

Preface

Acknowledgments

SECTION I: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

  1. Introduction

    Ways in Which Disability Affects Developmental Stages

    Disability and Developmental Stages

    Adapting to a Disability

    The Stage Theory of Adjustment to Disability

    Disability as Growth and Development

  2. Basic Principles of Developmental Theories

    Chronological and Biological Age

    Control or Agency

    The Longevity Revolution

    The Increasing Diversity of the United States

    Growing Inequality

    Religion and Developmental Stages

    The Value of Theories

    SECTION II: ACQUISITION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DISABILITIES IN STAGES OF THE LIFE SPAN

  3. Sigmund Freud

    The Life of Sigmund Freud

    Evaluation

    Body Image

    The Importance of Early Developmental Stages

  4. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Human Development

    The Life of Erikson

    Erikson's Eight Psychological Stages

    Application to Individuals With Disabilities

  5. Cognitive Theories of Development: Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bronfenbrenner

    Jean Piaget

    Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

    Urie Bronfenbrenner

  6. Behavioral Theories of Development: Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura

    Ivan Pavlov

    B. F. Skinner

    Albert Bandura

    Bandura's Social Learning Theories

    Evaluation of Behavioral Theories

  7. Abraham Maslow the Humanist

    Abraham Maslow

    Maslow's Theory

    Self-Actualization

    Peak Experiences

    Evaluation of Maslow

    Application to People With Disabilities

  8. The Stage Model of Cognitive Moral Development: Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg

    Other Theorists' Conceptualization of Moral Development

    The Broken Teacups

    Lawrence Kohlberg

    Kohlberg's Theory of Cognitive Moral Development

    Moral Dilemma: Heinz Steals a Drug

    Facilitating Higher Levels of Cognitive Moral Reasoning

    Evaluation of Kohlberg

    Application to People With Disabilities

    SECTION III: THE EXPERIENCE OF DISABILITY

  9. Understanding Disability

    The Unwarranted Fear That PWDs Provoke in PWODs

    People Meet My Disability Before They Meet Me

    Categorization of Disabilities

    Psychiatric Disabilities

    Why Categorize Disabilities?

    Increasing Rates of Disability

    Do We Want More Disabilities?

    Disability Is Both Common and Natural

    From Stigma Management to Identity Politics

  10. Pregnancy and Infancy: Conception to 2 Years

    Neurogenesis

    Pregnancy

    Congenital Disabilities

    Down Syndrome

    Schizophrenia

    Hearing Loss

    Vision Loss

    Cerebral Palsy

    Spina Bifida

    Infancy

    The Family

    Parents' Adaptation

    Positive Aspects of Having a Child With a Disability

    The Behaviorists and Infancy

    Developmental Theories and Infants With Disabilities

    Selective Abortion of Fetuses With Disabilities

    Infanticide of Newborns With Disabilities

    Markers on the Slippery Slope

  11. Toddlerhood and Early Childhood: Ages 18 Months to 5 Years

    Traumatic Brain Injuries

    Seizure Disorders

    Childhood Infections

    Asthma

    Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Autism

    Asperger's Syndrome

    Rett's Syndrome

    Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

    Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

    Aspies

    Parental and Family Responsibilities

    Overprotection, Necessary Care, and Realistic Expectations

    The Prejudice of Preschoolers Without Disabilities

    The Effect of Physical Attractiveness

    Poster Children

    Early Intervention Programs

    The "Why Bother?" Syndrome

    Inclusive Preschools

    The Developmental Theories

  12. School Age: Ages 5 to 12 Years

    The Social Definition of Childhood

    Physical Growth From Ages 5 to 12

    Developmental Tasks of Age 5 to 12

    The Grand Theorists' View of Early School Age

    Erikson's View on the Early School Years

    Piaget

    Sensory Loss and School

    Learning Disabilities

    Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit Disorder

    Stigma Management

    Atypical Childhood Experiences

    Siblings of CWDs

    Special Education

    The Continuum of School Placement

    Residential Schools

    Cochlear Implants

  13. Adolescence, Ages 13 to 18 and Emerging Adulthood, Ages 19 to 25

    Adolescence

    Physical Maturation

    Storm and Stress

    The Grand Theorists' Views on Adolescence

    Ages 19 to 25

    Body Image

    Dating

    Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

    Marriage

    Career Development

    Spinal Cord Injuries

    Traumatic Brain Injuries

    "Thrills and Chills" Personality

    Alcohol and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults

    Disability and Alcohol and Substance Abuse

    Acceptance by Peers

    Integration of the Body Image and the Self-Concept

    Dating

    Violence, Abuse, and Crime Against PWDs

    Achieving an Identity

  14. Adulthood, Ages 25 to 40 and Midlife, Ages 40 to 60

    Eternal Children

    Disability in Adulthood and Midlife

    The Changing Conceptualizations of Adulthood

    Marriage

    Parenthood

    Vocational Identity

    Amvotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

    Multiple Sclerosis

    Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

    Post-Polio Syndrome

    Chronic Pain

    Fatigue and Sleep Disturbances

    In Sickness (Disability) and Health

    Parenthood With a Disability

    Assistive Technology

    Role Models and Disabled Heroes

    Ages 40 to 60

    The Grand Theorists' View on Adulthood and Midlife

  15. The Young Elderly, Ages 60 to 75 and the Old Elderly, Ages 75 to Death

    Demographics of the Silver Tsunami

    The Old Old

    Cognitive Declines in Old Age

    Personality Changes

    Responding to Physical Declines

    Marriage in Late-Life

    Retirement

    Responding to Role Transitions

    Caregiving of Parents

    Disability in Late-Life

    The Grand Theorists View of Late-Life

    Ageism

    Dementias

    Alzheimer's Disease

    Diabetes

    Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes)

    Making Meaning

    Death

    Suicide in Late-Life

    Assisted Suicide and PWDs

  16. Conclusion

    Developmental Theories and People With Disabilities

    References

    Index