Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan
An Introduction for the Helping Professions
This is the only text to examine the experience of disability in relation to theories of human growth and development. It provides a foundational and comprehensive examination of disability that encompasses the intellectual, psychiatric, physical, and social arenas. The second edition is updated to underscore its versatility as an introductory text about the developmental tasks of people with disabilities for all the helping professions. Reorganized to illuminate the book's interdisciplinary focus, it includes new demographics, new case studies and first-person accounts, discussions on cultural aspects of disabilities, family concerns, and more.
The text delivers practice guidelines for each of the conventional life stages and describes the developmental tasks of individuals with disabilities (IDs). It emphasizes the positive trend in the perception of IWDs as normal and underscores the fact that IWDs have the same motivations, emotions, and goals as those without disabilities. Learning activities, suggestions for writing exercises, and websites for further study reinforce learning, as do graphs and charts illustrating trends and demographics.
Content
Preface
Disability and Developmental Stages: Introduction
PART I. DISABILITY AND DEMOGRAPHICS
Understanding Disability
Introduction
The Unwarranted Fear That IWDs Provoke in IWODs
"People Meet My Disability Before They Meet Me"
Three Broad Categories of Disabilities
Unique Demands of Psychiatric Disabilities
Viewing Mental Illnesses as Disabilities
Individuals With Psychiatric Disabilities Experience Prejudice and Discrimination
Why Categorize Disabilities?
The Increasing Rates of Disability
Do We Want More IWDs?
Disability Is Both Common and Natural
Other Factors in the Disability
From Stigma Management to Identity Politics
What Do IWDs Want?
Related Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities and Writing Exercises
Website Resources
References
Basic Principles of Developmental Theories and Demographic Changes
Introduction
Theories Determine the Conceptualizations of "Normal" and "Abnormal"
Aspects of Most Developmental Theories
Chronological and Biological Age
Social and Cultural Interpretations of Biological Age
Components of Developmental Theories Based On Biology
The Continuity of Development
Discontinuous Growth
Epigenetic Developmental Stages
Ego Disequilibrium
Off-Time Transitions
Control and Agency
Experiencing Loss
Changing Demographics
Religion and Developmental Stages
The Goals of Human Development and Growth
The Value of Theories
Related Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Video to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
References
Major Demographic Changes and Ways in Which Disabilities Interact With Stages of Development
Introduction
Demographic Changes and Medical Advances Are Catalysts for the Creation of New Professions
Dividing Life Into Developmental Stages
Ways in Which Disability Affects Developmental Stages
Three Factors That Will Bring IWDs Into the American Culture
Ways in Which Developmental Stages Are Affected by Disability
Three Irreversible Biological Transitions
Adapting to a Disability
Disability as Growth and Development
Related Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
References
PART II. THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Pregnancy and Infancy
Introduction
The Social Aspects of Pregnancy
Neurogenesis
The Biological Aspects of Pregnancy
Congenital Disabilities
The Apgar Scale for Neonates (Newborns)
Causes of Congenital Disabilities
Down Syndrome
Schizophrenia
Hearing Loss
Vision Loss
Cerebral Palsy
Spina Bifida
Low-Incidence Disabilities
The Individual's Adjustment to Congenital Disability
Disability Identity
Developmental Theories of Newborns With Congenital
Disabilities
The Polio Epidemics
Ethical Issues
Infancy: Birth to 2 Years
Medically Fragile and Technology-Dependent Infants
Parents' Adjustment
What Do Parents Need?
Positive Aspects of Parenting an Infant With a Disability
Related Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
Case Study: Loretta and Bob and Their Newborn Baby
References
Toddlerhood and Early Childhood: Ages 18 Months to 5 Years
Introduction
Importance of Toddlerhood and Early Childhood
Developmental Tasks of Toddlers
Childhood Disabilities
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Developmental Tasks of Toddlers With Disabilities
Developmental Tasks of Preschoolers With Disabilities
The Prejudice of Preschoolers Without Disabilities
The Effect of Physical Attractiveness
Early Intervention Programs
The Developmental Theories
Related Topics
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
Case Study: Jason and Early Intervention
References
School Age: Ages 5 to 12 Years
Introduction
Seven Years of Development
The Demographics of School-Age Children
The Social Definition of Childhood
The Physical Growth of Children, Ages 5 to 12
Developmental Tasks of Ages 6 to 12
School-Age Children With Disabilities
Developmental Tasks of School-Age Children With Disabilities
Special Education
The Continuum of School Placement
Residential Schools
Developmental Theorists' Views of Early School Age
Related Topics
The Family and Disability
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
Case Study: Ben: A School-Age Boy With a Mild Intellectual Disability and ADDHD
References
Adolescence (Ages 13 to 18) and Emerging Adulthood (Ages 19 to 25)
Introduction
Defining Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Adolescence
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence
Developing an Identity
Components of Emerging Adulthood
Body Image
Dating
Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
Marriage
Donal
Career Development
Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Disabilities
Developmental Tasks of Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Disabilities
Spinal Cord Injuries
Traumatic Brain Injuries
"Thrills and Chills" Personality
Traumatic Onset Disabilities
Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Amputations
Substance Abuse (or Drug Abuse) Today
Developmental Theorists' Views on Adolescence
Related Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
Case Study: Rodney, Girls, and Dating
References
Adulthood Ages (25 to 40) and Midlife (Ages 40 to 60)
Introduction
The Changing Conceptualizations of Adulthood and Midlife
Early Adulthood
Parenthood
Vocational Identity
Developmental Tasks of Adulthood and Late Adulthood
Self-Identity in Adulthood and Late Adulthood
Disability in Adulthood and Midlife: Eternal Children
Chronic Illnesses and Midlife
The Generational Effect of the Americans With Disabilities Act
Career and Vocational Identity for IWDs
Typical Midlife-Onset Disabilities
Aspects of Chronic Illness and Midlife Disabilities
Developmental Tasks of Adults With Chronic Illness and Disabilities
Responding to a Diagnosis of a Chronic Illness or Disability in Adulthood
Chronic Pain
Fatigue and Sleep Disturbances
In Sickness (Disability) and Health: Midlife Marriage With a Disability
Parenthood With a Disability
The Parentification of Children of Parents With Disabilities
CODAs-Children of Deaf Adults
Assistive Technology
Role Models and Disabled Heroes
The Theorists' View on Adulthood and Midlife
Related Topics
The Family and Disability
Culture, Developmental Stages, and Disability
Intersectionality and Disability
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resources
Case Study: Mario the Veterinarian
References
The Young Elderly (Ages 60 to 75) and the Old Elderly (Ages 75 Until Death), and the Longevity Revolution or the Silver Tsunami
Introduction
Effects of Longevity Revolution
Demographics of the Silver Tsunami
The Old Old
Successful Aging
Two Theories of Human Aging
Physical Aspects of Aging
Cognitive Declines in Old Age
Two Types of Intelligence
Personality Changes
Developmental Tasks of Late Life
Responding to Physical Declines
Marriage in Late Life
Retirement
Generational Equity
Responding to Role Transitions
Advances in Medicine Have Changed the Experience of Death and Dying
Suicide in Late Life
Making Meaning
Developmental Theorists" View of Late Life: "The Night of the Ego"
The Young Elderly With Disabilities (Ages 60-75) and the Old Elderly With Disabilities (Ages 75 Until Death)
Onset of a Disability in Late Life
Individuals in Late Life Tend to Adjust Better to Disability
Disabilities in Late Life
Psychiatric Disabilities
Assisted Suicide and IWDs
Related Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Videos to View
Learning Activities
Writing Exercises
Website Resource
Case Study: Margaret the Nurse With Dementia and Macular Degeneration
References
PART III. ACQUISITION OF A DISABILITY AS A SOCIALLY SANCTIONED DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
Connecting the Dots: Acquisition of a Disability as a Socially Sanctioned and Supported Developmental Task
Introduction
Demographic Changes
Defining Disability: A Complex and Multifactorial Process
The Relationship Between Theory and Practice
The Value of Developmental Theories
Disability Is Both Common and Natural and Should Be Considered a Public Responsibility
Responding to a Disability: A Socially Sanctioned and Supported Developmental Task
Acknowledgments
References
Electronic Resources
Appendix: Additional Readings
Index